Minerals

Yes.

Elements

Pure substance that cannot be separated.

Atom

Smallest piece of element containing basic characteristic: protons + neutrons.

Ion

Non-netural atoms (anion—extra negative charge, more electrons that protons; cation—extra positive charge, less electrons than protons).

Bonds

Bonds forms. Arrange of bonds can determine mineral properties (diamond vs. graphite).

Ionic

When two polarized atoms attract: cation and anions attract

Covalent

When atoms share electrons

Polymorph

Minerals with the same composition but different structures like diamond (hardest material) and graphite (softest.)

Lectures

• SU-EARTHSYS11 APR012026
• SU-EARTHSYS11 APR032026
• SU-EARTHSYS11 Chapter 2
• SU-EARTHSYS11 APR062026

Stanford UG Y1, Aut

• Decision Making Index
• Computer Systems Index
• CS Probability Index
• Speech Processing Index

Stanford UG Y1, Win

• ODEs Index
• OS Index
• POMDPs Index
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Stanford UG Y1, Spr

• Optimization Index
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• Signal Processing Index
• NLP Index
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Stanford UG Y2, Aut

• PL Index
• Theory of Computing Index

Stanford UG Y2, Win

• Complexity Theory Index
• ML Math Index
• Validation Index

Stanford UG Y2, Spr

• Complexity Theory Index
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Stanford UG Y3, Aut

• Machine Learning Index
• Algorithms Index

Stanford UG Y3, Win

• Medical Ethics Index
• China Economy Index
• Convex Optimization Index
• Gender and Sexuality in East Asia

Stanford UG Y3, Spr

• Geology Index

Stanford UG Talks

Contacts

Talk Contacts

Big Bang

Big Bang: 13 billion years ago

All matter and energy in the Universe started out as infinitesimally small point, universe begin 13.8 / 12.5 billion years ago (dependent measurements).

Coalesce: 200 million years after big bang

Hydrogen, etc., cluster. Swinging nebulae of hydrogen and helium. Proto-planetary disk.

Star formation: 800 million years after big bang

Stellar nucleasynthesis; elements up to 26 protons.

Planet Formation: 5 or 6 million years ago

Planet formulation in the solar system. Rings of “planetesimals” form. As gas and particples start to acrete.

When there are linear planes (i.e. each row at a time), its likely an indicator of a Sedementary Rock.

types of crusts

crusts are generally lighter and more felsic than the mantle.

• continental crust two types thickened / normal
• oceanic crusts

continental drift

• animals: things that can’t cross oceans seems to
• glaciers: big rocks scratch a big hole in the bottom, thus being dragged along and draw an arrow towards the direction of movement
• coal: locations of coals are roughly matched up despite them being very far apart

detractors

• Too hard for continents to plow through
• coastline fitting has no mechanism to explain it

palemagnitism

Earth is a doppler field!