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Lectures

• SU-EARTHSYS11 APR012026
• SU-EARTHSYS11 APR032026
• SU-EARTHSYS11 Chapter 2
• SU-EARTHSYS11 APR062026
• SU-EARTHSYS11 APR102026
• SU-EARTHSYS11 APR132026

Big Bang

Big Bang: 13 billion years ago

All matter and energy in the Universe started out as infinitesimally small point, universe begin 13.8 / 12.5 billion years ago (dependent measurements).

Coalesce: 200 million years after big bang

Hydrogen, etc., cluster. Swinging nebulae of hydrogen and helium. Proto-planetary disk.

Star formation: 800 million years after big bang

Stellar nucleasynthesis; elements up to 26 protons.

Planet Formation: 5 or 6 million years ago

Planet formulation in the solar system. Rings of “planetesimals” form. As gas and particples start to acrete.

Igneous Rocks

Igneous Rocks

location

Volcanic Rocks

“extrusive rock.”

Rocks that solidifed upon eruptive in a volcano. fast cooling, small crystals

Plutonic Rocks

Rocks that solidified underground

“Intrusive rocks.”

Intrusive locks slowly cool and crystallize inside the earth. slow cooling, large crystals

plumbing network

dikes, etc. lubing between

texture

some key properties:

• *crystalline*8888888888wg: interlocking crystals (no melt in between them), with big crystalline construction
• glassy: sillica frozen in place, large black faces
• fragmental: something in between
• porphyritic: bimodal distributions, large Crysta lstructurem

compositition

mafic

iron-rich rocks, “magnesium ferric icon”, relatie r

Minerals

Yes.

Elements

Pure substance that cannot be separated.

Atom

Smallest piece of element containing basic characteristic: protons + neutrons.

Ion

Non-netural atoms (anion—extra negative charge, more electrons that protons; cation—extra positive charge, less electrons than protons).

Bonds

Bonds forms. Arrange of bonds can determine mineral properties (diamond vs. graphite).

Ionic

When two polarized atoms attract: cation and anions attract

Covalent

When atoms share electrons

Polymorph

Minerals with the same composition but different structures like diamond (hardest material) and graphite (softest.)