Houjun Liu

SU-PHIL2 APR102025

veneer theory

People are moral out of fear of sanction/punishment. “Really” are deep-down self-interested (egoistic) creatures.

  1. evolution by natural selection “selects” for selfishness
  2. we are products of national selection
  3. therefore, we must be egoists (i.e., selfish)

subscript gambit

subscript gambit is the notion to use multiple different terms/subscripts to define a possibly contested term in order to remove the contention.

altruism

  • altruism1: A behaves towards B in a way that decreases its own reproductive success and increases the reproductive success of B
  • altruism2: A acts towards B in a way that detracts from the fulfillment of its own current desired to promote the perceived desires of B
  • altruism3: A acts towards B in ways motivated to promote B’s interests

egoism

  • egoism1: person puts their own needs first doest’ consider others in a way that’s unacceptable
  • egoism2
    1. every action is explained by the fact that we are motivated by ultimately self-interested desires
    2. every action is the result of an agent acting on their own strongest desire

question: are there good reasons that we should be egoists?

agency

  • agency1: “rational agency” the agency to believe world view
  • agency2: “animal/affective agency”, wehre intentions and ochices are mechancial product of th estrongest desire in the moment
  • agency3: “functionally describable movement”