criticized the New Deal from all sides. Senator Huy P. Long claimed to “show our wealth.” nullification from conservative supreme court, FDR threatened to restructure + hurts his coalition.

• FDR ordered cuts in spending
• 1938 midterms: Republicans can block programs — gained control of congress + created ability to gain control

Cross Entropy Method is a “conditional MLE” objective; whereby we try to maximize:

• the log prob
• of the true y labels in the training data
• given the observations

Derivation

Recall the Bernoulli distribution, and specifically:

\begin{equation} P(Y=y) = p^{y} (1-p)^{1-y} \end{equation}

Meaning, we want to maximize:

\begin{equation} \log P(y=y) = y \log p + (1-y)\log (1-y) \end{equation}

specifically, we’d like to minimize:

\begin{equation} -[y \log p + (1-y)\log (1-y)] \end{equation}

Intuition

This function should be