• 80% of the human genome is actually transcribed
• very little “junk DNA”
• 40% IncRNA are gene specific

char is a character that represents a glypth:

The polynomial given by the determinant of:

\begin{equation} det(A-\lambda I) \end{equation}

for some Linear Map \(A\). Solutions for \(\lambda\) are the eigenvalues. This is because something is an eigenvalue IFF \((A-\lambda I)v = 0\) for some \(\lambda, v\), so we need \((A-\lambda I)\) to be singular.

Characteristic polynomial of a 2x2 matrix is given by \(\lambda^{2}-tr(A)\lambda + det(A)\).

an atom is said to be charged when there is an imbalance between its number of protons and electrons.

additional information

units of charge

charge is measured in SI unit \(C\), coulomb. However, we are often dealing with \(e\), the charge of an electron (as ultimate that’s the principle way by which charge moves around). \(e \approx 1.6 \times 10^{-19} C\).

net charge can be neither created nor destroyed

Unsurprisingly, though you can move electrons around, they will be conserved across a system.

Two main Dialogue Systems architectures:

• frame based systems: talk to users + accomplish specific tasks
• LLM: reasoning as agents

Dialogue Systems vs Chatbot

Previously, when we say Chatbot we mean task-based systems

humans and chat

humans tend to think of Dialogue Systems as human-like even if they know its not. this makes users more prone to share private information and worry less about its disclosure.

ELIZA

see ELIZA

LLM Chatbots

Training Corpus

C4: colossal clean crawled corpus