Energy in

Solar energy comes in from the sun. Heat flows out from the deep interior.

• sun’s luminosity changed by 25% over 4B years
• “faint young sun paradox” (“sun is actually dimmer before.”)

Sun spots have an ~11 year cycle, resulting in 0.1 -> 0.2 global temperature change.

Milankovitch Cycles

The eccentricity of the Earth’s cycle wrt sun has increased (cycle become more ovoid).

precession

the axis wrt the earth’s self rotation is slightly rotating

metamorphism

Metamorphism: protolith + heat and pressure => changes in the mineral composition / orientation in solid states until energy-minimizing state “comfortable with each other and their surrounding.”

Given 25 deg C per KM, we know only 250-850 deg c is required for it: so, only need about 10km required for metamorphism.

protolith

starting point of the rock, from shale, etc.

why heat?

Heat causes atoms to vibrate rapidly: stretching, bending, breaking chemical bonds. Atoms detach from neighbors, form new bonds with more stable different atoms.

There’s So Much Oil in the Ground

oil

“Fossilized Sunshine” photosynthesis => plant elements => preserved sedimentary rocks.

• small critters
• phytoplankton
• plant matter

maturation process

Carbon-rich organic features, deposited. Increased pressure. Eventually compressed into…

kerogen

A solid, seminary rock that’s carbon rich. With enough pressure, carbons join up and then you get a chain.

Oil: C16H34, C7H16 etc.

increase pressure

….oil gets squeezed out from the kerogen, and then density differences makes it rise.

A memo from the administrators at Metropolis Health System, in response to a nationwide blood shortage, asked the care teams and doctors at all of their hospitals to be particularly conservative and judicious in how they used blood products because of the critical shortage. Phoebe, a 17-year-old girl, is being treated for leukemia at Metro Hospital, which is part of the health system. She has gone through several rounds of chemotherapy, but has not responded to the treatment.

orogeny

crust is folded and deformed by lateral compression to form a mountain range

deformation

types of deformation—

• displacement: stuff slip
• rotation
• distortion: metaphoric stresses

topography

features we see at the surface, in the verticle sense

relief

difference between highest and lowest points in an areao

mountain forming and plate boundaries

convergent bounaries

Subduction mountain building: volcanic arc behind

collisional orogones

continenant to continent convergence